US citizens Ronald and Virginia Cook and Jeffrey, Susan and
Jordan Wollman were active church workers in the evangelical Kostroma Christian
Church until June and July 2002, when all five were denied visas to the Russian
Federation. On a recent visit to Kostroma, Forum 18 News Service discovered
that a US citizen working in the city with the Wollmans' former employees, the
Colorado-based Christian humanitarian aid organisation Children's HopeChest,
was also refused a visa at the same time, while US preacher Bill Norton, who
had previously visited the city twice a year, is seemingly now barred from
entering Russia. This total of seven makes Kostroma the location in Russia
associated with the greatest number of known foreign church worker expulsions.
From 1999 Norton visited the Family of God Pentecostal Church twice a year, the
church's pastor, Andrei Danilov, told Forum 18 in Kostroma on 15 June. Since
summer 2002, however, he has been refused an entry visa three times. Following
the latest refusal, the Pentecostal church in Syzran which issued the third
invitation made enquiries at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said
Danilov, and was told that Norton was barred "in connection with a threat
to national security".
Also speaking to Forum 18 on 15 June, Pastor Vladimir Denisychev of Kostroma
Christian Church said he "honestly could not understand" why the
Cooks and Wollmans were denied visas, especially since the Russian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs had already issued a valid invitation to the Cooks by that
time. Themselves surprised, Foreign Ministry officials in Moscow cited
"the competent organs" (i.e. the FSB, or former KGB), he said, but
the local FSB in Kostroma subsequently claimed to him not to know anything
about the affair.
Denisychev suggested to Forum 18 that Kostroma Orthodox diocese, with whom
"everything has to be agreed", had ordered the refusals, even though
this meant that the diocese was effectively more powerful than the Foreign
Ministry.
Although Forum 18 submitted questions in writing to Archbishop Aleksandr as
requested on 17 June, and he had previously remarked by telephone that he would
definitely answer them the same week, Forum 18 has yet to receive an answer.
Speaking to Forum 18 in her office on 16 June, the Kostroma region official
dealing with religious affairs said she did not see any reason for the visa
refusals. When she enquired at the local FSB, officials expressed astonishment,
said Marina Smirnova, since they had no complaints about the church workers and
thought the refusals could only be the result of a decision taken at federal
level of which they had not been informed. Smirnova herself stated
categorically that neither the Cooks nor the Wollmans had done anything against
the law, "let alone against the state they worked exactly as they were
supposed to do".
Notably, however, when earlier mentioning what she regarded as "not quite
legal" methods used in Pastor Danilov's church and featured in film shown
on Kostroma's local television news in 2000 (see separate F18News article), she
specified that these were employed "when foreign missions visit
them".
Asked if the FSB truly considered him a threat to state security, Danilov
remarked that this might be so at the top of that organisation, "but at
the local level the Orthodox and the FSB are just friends, the bosses of both
structures socialise together". This friendship is long-standing, he maintained,
being born of the Soviet situation in which clergymen who did not inform to the
KGB were either removed or sent far away, "so they ended up
collaborating".
Pastor Denisychev told Forum 18 that he had had an FSB supervisor
("kurator") with whom he was expected to have regular
"chats" right up until 1995. An informed source in Kostroma city
claimed to Forum 18 that the vast majority of religious figures in positions of
responsibility were still approached by local FSB officials for information.
Pastor Denisychev is now seeking to challenge the visa refusals. In early June
his church submitted documents to invite the Cooks back to Russia. Three young
church members are due to study for a year with the Wollmans in Simferopol,
Ukraine, he added, after which they will carry out the same orphanage work in
Kostroma which the Wollmans would have conducted had they not been refused
entry to Russia.