Turkey lifted a ban on women wearing the Islamic head scarf in state institutions on Tuesday, ending a generations-old restriction as part of a package of reforms the government says are meant to improve democracy.
The ban, whose roots date back almost 90 years to the early days of the Turkish Republic, has kept many women from joining the public work force, but secularists see its abolition as evidence of the government pushing an Islamic agenda.
The new rules, which will not apply to the judiciary or the military, were published in the Official Gazette and take immediate effect in the majority Muslim but constitutionally secular country.
"A regulation that has hurt many young people and has caused great suffering to their parents, a dark period, is coming to an end," Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan told a meeting of his AK Party, which has its roots in Islamist politics.
The debate around the head scarf goes to the heart of tensions between religious and secular elites, a major fault line in Turkish public life.
Erdogan's critics see his AK Party as seeking to erode the secular foundations of the republic built on the ruins of an Ottoman theocracy by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1923.
His supporters, particularly in Turkey's pious Anatolian heartlands, say Erdogan is simply redressing the balance and restoring freedom of religious expression to a Muslim majority.
"There was a witch hunt for civil servants with a head scarf," said Safiye Ozdemir, a high-school teacher in Ankara who for years had to remove her head scarf at work against her wishes, but had started to defy the ban in recent months.
"Today it became clear that we've been right. So we are happy, and we are proud. It's a decision that came in very late, but at least it came, thank God."
INTRUSIVENESS
The lifting of the ban, based on a cabinet decree from 1925 when Ataturk introduced a series of clothing reforms meant to banish overt symbols of religious affiliation for civil servants, is part of a "democratisation package" unveiled by Erdogan last week.
The long-awaited package - in large part aimed at bolstering the rights of Turkey's Kurdish community - included changes to the electoral system, the broadening of language rights and permission for villages to use their original Kurdish names.
An end to state primary school children reciting the oath of national allegiance at the start of each week, a deeply nationalistic vow, also took effect on Tuesday.
But Erdogan's opponents have found little to suggest he is curbing what they see as his puritanical intrusiveness into private life, from his advice to women on the number of children they should have to his views on tobacco and alcohol.
They leapt on the dismissal on Tuesday of a television presenter - after she was criticised by AK Party deputy chairman Huseyin Celik for wearing a revealing evening dress - as evidence that the government's tolerance went in only one direction.
"These policies ... show not only the government's attitudes to women but also its understanding of freedoms," said Sezgin Tanrikulu, deputy head of the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), which was founded by Ataturk.
"There are countries which interfere in the outfits worn by television presenters, but in those countries we can't talk about democracy," he said in a statement.
Celik dismissed such criticism, emphasising that he had not specifically named the television channel or presenter involved.
"As an individual, a TV viewer or a politician, it is my right and freedom of expression to express my opinion," he said on his Twitter account. "To exploit my comments by saying it is intervention in lifestyles is malicious."